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At 49 days, Liz Truss concluded the shortest tenure as prime minister of the United Kingdom.
Mount Merapi in Central Java, Indonesia, began an increasingly violent series of eruptions that lasted over a month.
Windows XP, one of the most popular and widely used versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system, was released for retail sale.
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A mass shooting occurs in two locations in Lewiston, Maine. 18 people are killed and 13 more injured.
Mount Merapi in Indonesia begins a month-long series of violent eruptions that kill 353 people and cause the evacuation of another 350,000 people.
A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes off Indonesia's Mentawai Islands, triggering a tsunami that kills at least 400 people.
The October 2009 Baghdad bombings kill 155 and wound at least 721.
Microsoft releases Windows XP, which becomes one of Microsoft's most successful operating systems.
A Learjet 35 crashes in Mina near Aberdeen, South Dakota, killing all six people on board, including PGA golfer Payne Stewart and golf course designer Bruce Borland.
After a civil war, Denis Sassou Nguesso proclaims himself President of the Republic of the Congo.
A commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students.
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic declares its sovereignty from the Soviet Union.
The first leg of the 1989 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira is held at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal.
The United States and its Caribbean allies invade Grenada, six days after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and several of his supporters are executed in a coup d'état.
Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude.
Egypt and Israel accept United Nations Security Council Resolution 339.
The People's Republic of China replaces the Republic of China at the United Nations.
A Fairchild F-27 crashes into Moose Mountain while on approach to Lebanon Municipal Airport in Lebanon, New Hampshire, killing 32 people.
Soyuz 2 is launched.
Cuban Missile Crisis: Adlai Stevenson shows the United Nations Security Council reconnaissance photographs of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba.
The Battle of Guningtou in the Taiwan Strait begins.
Fifty years of Japanese administration of Taiwan formally ends when the Republic of China assumes control.
World War II: Heinrich Himmler orders a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates, a loosely organized youth culture in Nazi Germany that had assisted army deserters and others to hide from the Third Reich.
World War II: The USS Tang under Richard O'Kane (the top American submarine ace of the war) is sunk by the ship's own malfunctioning torpedo.
World War II: The final attempt of the Imperial Japanese Navy to win the war climaxes at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
Benjamin O. Davis Sr. is named the first African American general in the United States Army.
George Lansbury became the leader of the opposition British Labour Party.
The Italian luxury liner SS Principessa Mafalda sinks off the coast of Brazil, killing 314.
The Zinoviev letter, which Zinoviev himself denied writing, is published in the Daily Mail; the Labour party would later blame this letter for the Conservatives' landslide election win four days later.
After 74 days on hunger strike in Brixton Prison, England, the Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney dies.
Old Style date of the October Revolution in Russia.
The Xinhai Revolution spreads to Guangzhou, where the Qing general Fengshan is assassinated by the Chinese Assassination Corps.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 in B♭ minor, Op. 23 premieres in Boston, Massachusetts, with Benjamin Johnson Lang as conductor and Hans von Bülow as soloist.
The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland.
The Toronto Stock Exchange is created.
The Battle of Balaclava takes place during the Crimean War. It is soon memorialized in verse as The Charge of the Light Brigade.
Greek War of Independence: The First Siege of Missolonghi begins.
War of 1812: The American frigate, USS United States, commanded by Stephen Decatur, captures the British frigate HMS Macedonian.
Golden Jubilee of George III is celebrated in Britain as he begins the fiftieth year of his reign.
King George III succeeds to the British throne on the death of his grandfather George II.
War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral Edward Hawke defeats the French at the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre.
Dutch sea-captain Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at the later-named Dirk Hartog Island off the West Australian coast.
Hundred Years' War: Henry V of England, with his lightly armoured infantry and archers, defeats the heavily armoured French cavalry in the Battle of Agincourt.
Seljuk Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III at the Battle of Dorylaeum.
Reconquista: After a siege of four months, crusader knights conquer Lisbon.
Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II as Caesar of the East Roman Empire.